World Wide Forum Post 5

Question: For what reason does CS Lewis (p. 50) propose that A recuperation of the old feeling of transgression is basic to Christianity ? Answer: CS Lewis has expressed in his examination work that adoration may make torment its article, yet just on the speculation that the item expected adjustment to turn out to be altogether adorable. In light of the appropriate response of required adjustment, the Christian react expressed that we as a whole have utilized our gratis would to turn out to be extremely terrible and this is so fine recognized that is scarcely obligatory to be confirmed[1]. In any case, it tends to be affirmed that to bring this rule into the real life in the brains of both the contemporary men and Christians, it is amazingly unbending. It very well may be expressed that when the preachers lectured, they could underestimate even in their Pagan listeners a genuine attention to meriting the Divine irritation. [2] References Lewis, C. S.The Problem Of Pain. New York, NY: HarperOne, 2001. [1] C. S Lewis,The Problem Of Pain(New York, NY: HarperOne, 2001). [2] C. S Lewis,The Problem Of Pain(New York, NY: HarperOne, 2001).

Implenting Lean Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Implenting Lean - Case Study Example (Womack and Jones, 1996). USA was the primary nation where the idea of Lean has been received in administration or non-producing concerns. (Womack and Jones, 1996). The focal points and advantages are presently known and acknowledged by practically all top chiefs. Be that as it may, there is still somewhat of a faltering in executing Lean in administration and non-producing associations. The explanation isn't that they would prefer not to execute the change yet rather on the grounds that they are uninformed of the procedure in question. This paper looks to depict the modalities and ramifications of actualizing Lean in administration and non-producing associations with a reference to the idea of Kaizen as a Continuous Improvement (CI) specialist. Just expressed, Lean believing is tied in with accomplishing more with less. It isn't tied in with 'perspiring the benefits' however about cautiously breaking down how best to accomplish a given outcome to use assets furthering their best potential benefit. In wide terms Lean is typically characterized as end of waste and things that don't include any an incentive as characterized by the client. It is likewise appropriate to note at this phase Lean standards are then again known by various equivalents for example Lean Manufacturing, Lean Production, Toyota Production System, and so on. In any case, whatever the name given to the procedure, this definition holds well. Points of interest of Lean in Service Organizations Lean isn't only an idea to be executed at different levels; it is likewise a responsibility at all levels that can achieve dynamic and extensive changes in the very culture of an association. Its points of interest are increasingly articulated and recognizable in assembling concerns however administration and non-fabricating associations can likewise receive similar rewards. A portion of the benefits of executing Lean in administration condition are as per the following:- It can improve the standard of administrations as well as increment the intensity of the individuals in question. It can resolve serious hierarchical issues by joining the change endeavors

Dining, Dig-Ins and Dives

Dining, Dig-Ins and Dives Disclaimer: This post was supposed to be written a whole 6 months ago. Pictures were taken, trips were made, food was scrutinized. But as happens a bit too often, writing this actual post got pushed further and further down my to-do list. But here it finally is! Hey everybody! Im Lady Afeefah and were rolling out looking for MITs greatest Diners, Dig-Ins and Dives! This trip, were trekking to all corners of campus, trying the all-you-can-eat dinners that each of the five dining halls have to offer. Which dining hall is the best? Campus might have a general consensus. But tbh theres only one way to know. (Huge shoutout to the many friends who joined me on this adventure. Food is a million times better with good company!)   Monday Dec 10, 2018 : Maseeh Hall Maseehs dining hall is by the far the biggest one on campus. With an ample amount of seating and multiple stations, including pizza, a salad bar, the grille, comfort foods, daily specials and kosher foods, the hall is open for business for most hours of the day. Maseeh serves breakfast, lunch, dinner and late night meals. While this all sounds great, one could argue that Maseeh does quantity better than quality. What I ate: After scoping the many different stations set up in Maseeh, I decided on the safest option there is: a freshly-grilled bean burger with a side of a self-made salad. And while the burger was nice and warm and the salad was refreshing, personally its always a little disappointing when I come back to the same old burger given the variety of food Maseeh offers. As someone who observes a halal-diet, my options are cut in half and what little vegetarian options do exist just dont seem appetizing or filling. Overall rank: 5 Tuesday Dec 11, 2018: McCormick Hall I really really wish I had a photo of this meal. But I guess I was just too excited to start eating that I completely forgot to snap a picture. But just imagine a beautiful, incredibly colorful plate of cashew pilao, topped with a spicy chicken tikka masala. On the side, aloo palak and warm pieces of naan. McCormicks dining hall is the smallest on campus, but its the one that I eat at most often. Partially, because its the closest to me, but mainly because it ALWAYS has a halal-option. McCormick has the reputation of serving comfort food that is as close as youll get to a home-cooked meal. On a weekly basis, food rotates between Monday-night quesadillas to Tuesday-night Indian food to Thursday-night Sushi. Once a month, it serves specials including African food, Southern Soul Food, Courtyard BBQs and many other student-requested meals. All in all McCormick is comfy, familiar and reliable. Overall Rank: 2 Wednesday Dec 12, 2018: Baker Hall To be completely honest, this was my first time eating at Baker. Even after being on campus for a whole year and a half, I hadnt heard much about Bakers dining hall. Baker is the one dining hall that is open through many of the mid-semester breaks, ensuring that students staying on campus still have access to food. What I ate: It looked like I had waken in on an asian-inspired dinner menu, complete with vegetable spring rolls, chow-mein and a vegetable fried rice. While Baker also does not offer halal meat, I was fairly content with the vegetarian options. As expected the food was not authentic, but it wasnt bad either. Overall Rank: 4 Thursday Dec 13, 2018: Next House Although eating at Next House involves a 15 min march to the end of dorm row, the food here makes the travel worth it. Although at a smaller scale, Next also includes a grille, salad bar and daily specials. While Next doesnt offer halal meat, it does offer salmon burgers at the grill which makes most pescatarians happy. The dining hall also offers really cozy seating, like really really cozy. Restaurant cozy. *Biaser alert* General consensus is that this is in fact the best dining hall on campus. What I ate: Artichoke and broccoli mac and cheese with a side of baby spinach salad, butter and toast and beautifully cut strawberries and pineapple. Overall, I really enjoyed my meal. It had just the write amount of tastefulness, comfort, variety and healthy. Complaints? I have none. Overall rank: 1 Friday Dec 14, 2018: Simmons Hall I ALWAYS eat at Simmons on my cheat day. I dont think theres been a single time that Ive at Simmons and chose to eat healthy. Thats not to say that Simmons doesnt have healthy options, it just that it does the treat-yourself items so well. Simmons also has multiple stations, including a grill that can make a mean portobello burger. What I ate: Pizza, pasta with marinara sauce, a side of tortilla chips and fries. Eating at Simmons makes me ridiculously happy. As a college student that rarely eats out, I really dont get to eat freshly fried, extra crunchy, warm on the-inside french fries often. While the food here is actually amazing, its safe to say the distance is a good thing. Overall Rank: 3 And thats all for now folks! Next time, we might just venture off campus to explore nearby grab and-gos and diners. But one things for sure, you can travel as far as you want, the food might get slightly better, but the ambience of eating in a loud dining hall, reliably bumping into people you know, and being a hands distance away from a never-ending stock of chocolate chip cookies, is something that cant be found elsewhere.

The Australia Program ( Iap ) Is Run By The Australian...

The Immunise Australia Program (IAP) is run by the Australian Government and aims to increase national immunisation rates by funding free vaccination programs, administering the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and communicating information about immunisation to the general public and health professionals. The program is complicated and is delivered through Federal, State and other agencies. The IAP follows the WHO Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 which encourages countries to ‘demonstrate a commitment to immunisation by setting ambitious but attainable national targets.’ Immunisation requirements are met when a child has received the recommended vaccines for his or her age. The program would like to achieve a national†¦show more content†¦Indigenous cultures were more likely to suffer these new infectious diseases as they had no previous exposure and thus were not immune. Since those times, the socio-economic status and living conditions of indigenous peoples have made them increasingly susceptible to infectious diseases. According to the IAP website, ‘Indigenous children are five times more likely than non-indigenous children to die from the flu, are more likely to be hospitalised and experience long lasting health complications’. The IAP wants to achieve equality between the indigenous and non-indigenous population and is currently providing free vaccinations to indigenous children at various ages. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged six months to five years will be able to receive the seasonal influenza vaccine for free under the National Immunisation Program (run by the IAP). Free influenza vaccines are also available to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years and over, and people over six months who have specific medical conditions that increase their susceptibility to influenza. Though more emphasis is being placed on the indigenous community, much of the Program is universal and applies to all children. Indigenous children aged 0-5, are entitled to receive the same basic

How to Build and Retain Positive Relationship with Customers

Avoid Negative Questions and Statements Your customers are more interested in your capabilities rather than limitations. To put it differently, they want to know what you can do, rather than what you can’t do. Additionally, affirmative sentences are easier to understand. So, for example, instead of saying, I cant help you unless you upload a new file, consider saying, Please upload a new file so that I can help you. Now, suppose you ask a customer, You dont have Word installed? and he answers Yes. What does he mean? Yes, youre right, Word is not installed? Or yes, he has Word installed? So to avoid such cases, use affirmative language. Ask Questions Misunderstanding is the major stumbling block for effective customer communication. Because of it you risk to waste a lot of time and nerves with no project results. So, you’d better set the ground clear from the very beginning. Send a list of questions you already have or anticipate to have. Ask the customer spend some time and explain that these details are important for successful project accomplishment. With all information at hand you can assure high quality work without wasting time and spoiling relationship with the customer. Protect Your Writings A word of caution for you: any samples or parts of work you provide to a customer should bear a watermark or other means of identification or at the very least your name and a statement of copyright.  Preferably deliver your writing in .pdf, when it’s impossible to copy the content. Be Available This means that you should answer emails quickly, even when an answer seems unnecessary.  That is a simple â€Å"ok, I’ll get to this later† is much better than no reply at all. Customers feel helpless and vulnerable when they don’t get a word from you. It’s important for them to know that you attend the issue and pay attention to their comments. Don’t Spam However, there’s no need to send tens of emails per day. Your customers aren’t always available online and get confused once they come back to notice a bunch of emails with lost trail of thought. So prepare all your questions you have at some stage of writing and send all of them in a single email. Ask for confirmations or answers on point-by-point basis. Stay Professional While communicating with clients, always stay professional. Clients are paying for your writing services, and they expect you to conduct your business in a professional manner. However, it doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t know your clients on  a more personal level. Simply bare in mind that what you say and write can impact your relationship with the customer. What’s Your Advice? What lessons have you learned from your freelance about communication with customers? What tips would you offer to other freelancers?

Why do the students cheat on the exams Free Essays

Keywords: study, student, deadline, Exam In the university context Just like any other society, we have crime and dishonesty and amongst all , students’ cheating is just one of the appearances of these . Firstly I’d like to specify a clear definition And remind of what exactly is exam and why is it an inseparable part of the education Cause I believe that we should have a clear image of what we are doing and why are we doing it in order to be a professional . In education an examination is a test provided to see if the person who wants to take a degree or special certificate is capable of being taken that certificate or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Why do the students cheat on the exams? or any similar topic only for you Order Now † adopting this definition we conclude that taking an exam is a requirement of receiving a degree. So this can be first motto for this essay â€Å"no exam,no degree ; no degree,no exam. † Students have different motives for study , they study In their specific majors as engineers-to be , translators-to be , accountants-to be , etc . They have to learn essential materials to be a standard engineer , translator , accountant , etc . W we successful expert and the other case in which the student is Just trying to get the degree and is not into learning the major and getting a good expert , however shocking , but this case is very frequent in Iran universities . And I think it is caused by disagreement of education and Jobs taken by graduates . By dropping the second group out of analyze circle ,we have the students who really want to learn things they have to learn during education period , and the intention of the writer is to inspect these students’ cheating and ex press why they tend to cheat in this step . Titer believes that in standard context they will study well with no dishonesty and therefore will get the degree with no cheating. But life is never perfect and problems like emotional problems and financial affect students’ life and these problems in the life tend to ruin the plan of study. And makes the student to miss the deadlines , most of the students in order to not miss the deadlines decide to use their last weapon And cheat . Because in this situation if they don’t cheat they’ll ruin the whole schedule of their education. They cheat and they pass the exam with n acceptable mark, and seemingly everything is okay. But in the next semesters the hidden wound in the body of education, shows up. With no time to cure it. And this is where a dishonest solution, makes the problem deeper. But encountering deadlines is not always the same in every student. There are some foresighted students who by missing the deadline seemingly ruin the plan but in fact they strengthen it by keeping it pure . Shampoo says – ‘l AS May your nightmares become more agitated – . You contemplate the interpretation – GAS b so that when you get up How to cite Why do the students cheat on the exams?, Essays

The Role of Capital Market Intermediaries in the Dot-Com Crash of 2000 free essay sample

Intended role of each institution/intermediary: Venture Capitalists – They screen companies with good business ideas from bad ones and provide capital to the start-ups with good business ideas. The required return on capital for VCs is very high to compensate the shareholders for the higher risk in investing in new businesses, and this is achieved when VCs sell their stake in the business through IPOs or trade sale. Thus, VCs will work to ensure the business is sound so that it will fetch the highest possible price when going public. They provide advisory financial services, price the IPO, underwrite the shares as well as introduce the company to the public. They are then paid a commission fee based on the amount the company manages to raise in the IPO. Thus to maximize their fees, IBs are motivated to pick the best companies which the public will pay the most for. Sell-side Analysts – They provide support during IPO process by providing research to the buy-side before the company goes public. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Capital Market Intermediaries in the Dot-Com Crash of 2000 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also publish research on public companies and make recommendations on the stock, which could be very influential on investors. They are compensated based on amount of trading fees and IB revenue generated through their research. Buy-side Analysts/Portfolio Managers – These are institutions that actually buy or sell public stocks. The analysts research the companies and provide recommendations to the portfolio managers. Compensation for the analysts is based on how good are their recommendations. Portfolio managers act on behalf of investors and will buy the actual stocks based on the analysts’ recommendations and their own judgment. Their compensation is determined by the performance of their portfolio compared to the benchmark return. Accountants – They audit the financial statements of companies, ensuring that companies’ financials reflect the true state of the firm and are also in compliance with established standards. Investors rely on the opinions of the auditors and the auditors receive audit fees from the companies they audit as compensation. 2. The incentives for VCs, and Buy-side Analysts/Portfolio Managers are aligned with their roles. However, some of the incentives of the institutions and intermediaries are not properly aligned with their intended role, such as IBs, Sell-side Analysts and Accountants. IBs and Sell-side Analysts are motivated to price the IPO as high as possible as their compensation is based on the amount the IPO is able to raise, so they could potentially over price the IPO intentionally and are also subject to optimistic bias. Accountants are supposed to verify the accuracy of companies’ financial statements but they are also paid by those same companies. In order to keep their clients, accountants may be motivated to audit the company in such a way that caters to the companies’ expectations rather than according to established standards. 3. Each institution and intermediary from the VCs to the retail investor has played a part in contributing to the Internet stock bubble. It was the combined over-optimism of the IBs and Analysts and the investors who listened to them which created the stock bubble. In my opinion, the IBs and Sell-side Analysts are the most to blame. It began with their overvaluation of companies during the IPO offering which were unsustainable and they continued to issue buy recommendations even when stock prices were going down, knowing that investors will follow their advice. Investors on the other hand also played the momentum game and listened to the analysts’ recommendations without researching to understand the companies they are investing in. 4. The cost of a stock bubble is extremely high could affect the entire economy. Companies and investors are the ones who lose the most in a stock bubble. Once the bubble bursts, companies will find that equity markets are closed to them and if they are operating at losses and strapped for cash, they will quickly close down. Investors also suffer the consequences of a stock bubble, often ending up empty handed when the companies they invested in go bust. Losing money, consumer confidence will fall and decrease in wealth will dampen consumer spending. This could potentially put an economy into recession. Stock bubbles are also a waste of resources, as resources ploughed into them could have been used for other, more sustainable ndeavors. As an investor, the lessons I learnt from the bubble is to always do my own, comprehensive research before investing in any companies, no matter how aggressive or optimistic the market sentiment is at the time. As an IB or analyst, prudence should be observed when issuing recommendations, and the ultimate goal of my job should be to price a company stock as fairly as possible. Finally, as an accountant, any audits must closely follow accounting standards, and going concern clauses should be added whenever needed.

Jean Sartre Essays - Philosophy Of Life, The Myth Of Sisyphus

Jean Sartre On of the major playwrights during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been imprisoned in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape, and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement. Other popular playwrights were Albert Camus, and Jean Anouilh. Just like Anouilh, Camus accidentally became the spokesman for the French Underground when he wrote his famous essay, "Le Mythe de Sisyphe" or "The Myth of Sisyphus". Sisyphus was the man condemned by the gods to roll a rock to the top of a mountain, only to have it roll back down again. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an "absurd" hero, with a pointless existance. Camus felt that it was necessary to wonder what the meaning of life was, and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since "if the world were clear, art would not exist". "The Myth of Sisyphus" became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre, and eventually The Theatre of the Absurd. Sisyphus is the absurd hero. This man, sentenced to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain and then watching its descent, is the epitome of the absurd hero according to Camus. In retelling the Myth of Sisyphus, Camus is able to create an extremely powerful image with imaginative force which sums up in an emotional sense the body of the intellectual discussion which precedes it in the book. We are told that Sisyphus is the absurd hero "as much through his passions as through his torture. His scorn of the gods, his hatred of death, and his passion for life won him that unspeakable penalty in which the whole being is exerted toward accomplishing nothing." (p.89). Sisyphus is conscious of his plight , and therein lies the tragedy. For if, during the moments of descent, he nourished the hope that he would yet succeed, then his labour would lose its torment. But Sisyphus is clearly conscious of the extent of his own misery. It is this lucid recognition of his destiny that transforms his torment into his victory. It has to be a victory for as Camus says: I leave Sisyphus at the foot of the mountain! One always finds one's burden again. But Sisyphus teaches the higher fidelity that negates the gods and raises rocks. He too concludes that all is well. This universe henceforth without a master seems to him neither sterile nor futile. Each atom of that stone, each mineral flake of that night-filled mountain, in itself forms a world. The struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a man's heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy. (p.91).Sisyphus' life and torment are transformed into a victory by concentrating on his freedom, his refusal to hope, and his knowledge of the absurdity of his situation. In the same way, Dr. Rieux is an absurd hero in The Plague, for he too is under sentence of death, is trapped by a seemingly unending torment and, like Sisyphus, he continues to perform his duty no matter how useless or how insignificant his action. In both cases it matters little for what reason they continue to struggle so long as they testify to man's allegiance to man and not to abstractions or 'absolutes'. The ideas behind the development of the absurd hero are present in the first three essays of the book. In these essays Camus faces the problem of suicide. In his typically shocking, unnerving manner he opens with the bold assertion that: There is but one truly serious philosophical problem and that is suicide. (p. 3).He goes on to discover if suicide is a legitimate answer to the human predicament. Or to put it another way: Is life worth living now that god is dead? The discussion begins and continues not as a metaphysical cobweb but as a well reasoned statement based on a way of knowing which Camus holds is the only epistemology we have at our command. We know only two things:This heart within me I can feel, and I judge that it exists. This world I can touch, and I likewise judge that it exists. There ends all my knowledge, and the rest is construction. (p. 14)With these as the basic certainties of the human condition, Camus argues that there is no meaning to life. He disapproves of the many philosophers who "have played on words and pretended to believe that refusing to grant a meaning to life necessarily leads to declaring that it is not

Follow the Guidelines is Not a Cliché

Follow the Guidelines is Not a Clichà © Agents say it all the time. Editors believe in it and cant wait for an excuse to delete a submission when someone ignores it. Websites and writing guides everywhere say, Follow the guidelines carefully, or Become familiar with the publication. Yet I dare say half of todays submissions do not do either. If you DO follow the guidelines, the person youre pitching will instantly give you better consideration. Im serious. Thats all it takes. There are that many submissions that fail to adhere to the rules that finding one that does is refreshing. Recently several places noted FundsforWriters as a paying market. FFW indeed pays up to $50 for   a solid 550-600-word piece for the newsletter. The flood gates opened and in came the submissions. I was excited. I love opening a query from a writer who obviously read the guidelines at https://fundsforwriters.com/submissions . Instantly, I see that author as serious, attentive to details, and understanding of FundsforWriters needs. Some pieces just arent quite what Im looking for. Maybe a little lightweight. Maybe there are nonpaying markets involved (I dont do nonpaying in FundsforWriters). Maybe its a story so far out there that it wouldnt apply to many of my readers. Thats okay. A rejection is in order, but I explain why and thank them for submitting. Then there are others. Some of them present a concept I like, but the effort of editing makes it not worth the payment. Every editors time is precious. If a writer submits a piece that needs work, regardless the subject, an editor cant use it. FundsforWriters is always open to submissions. Ive booked articles as far as six months out, but I dont close down submissions. But while Ive got your attention, Ill post a few of my pet peeves, items that require me to email back and forth with a writer. Trust me, an editor prefers a clean package all in one submission, requiring minimal back and forth. 1) Academic writing. All theory. No anecdotes. No takeaway, practical value. No personality. 2) ESL writing. I do not mind submissions from around the world, but if I must clean up the grammar to make it work, regardless the topic, I wont. 3) Elementary topic, commonly read on many blogs. 4) How-to without links, resources, and examples. 5) Assorted fonts in one article. Editors format. Writers write. 6) No

Futures Complete Featured Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Futures Complete Featured Software - Essay Example It can be termed as a process of creating an incomplete model for future’s complete featured software. The process includes identification of the basic requirements, developing initial prototypes, gather reviews of the customers, revise and enhance. Prototyping is mostly exercised in projects where risk is involved. The aim is to eliminate an element of any serious risk in the project. The processing methodology is mostly used when a rapid development is essential. It will solve many issues related to the software and the end users. This usually engages interviews involving a number of users from all the departments or phases of the existing system. If there is any misunderstanding between the end user and the customer is present, all of them are exposed. It will help in finding the missing services and will help us to identify the confusing services. A system is available early on in the process. It serves to provide the foundation for deriving a working system specification. User Interface (UI) that can support end user’s training and testing of the software at the same time. That will enable us in developing software according to our needs and requirements completely. Quicker user feedback leads to the better solution. Along with the development our end using staff would be given a training session as well. Some of the problems that I think we could face are insufficient analysis. This can lead to ignore enhanced solutions, preparation of incomplete specifications or the conversion of limited prototypes into poorly engineered final projects that are hard to maintain. The user may have some confusion regarding the finished system as they may think that this is a prototype and actual system would be more refined one. In this methodology, the developer could misunderstand the user’s objective.

The article "The Health-Care Myths We Live By" Assignment

The article "The Health-Care Myths We Live By" - Assignment Example According to the study by Guallar et al., Beta-carotene, Vitamin E and high doses of vitamin A supplements are harmful. In addition, other more antioxidants, such as folic acid, Vitamin Bs, multivitamin and mineral supplements are not effective in improving and protecting human life due to major chronic diseases (Guallar et al. 850). The research by Guallar et al. has justification to support Krauthammer’s standpoint that all the supplements are ineffective because of their baseless prevention trials. Second, Krauthammer challenges a commonly held belief that Medicaid improves quality health care provision to low-income earners. He criticizes the introduction of Medicaid and its influence on the delivery of quality health services. In support of his claim, Krauthammer refers to a study by Baicker et al. According to the study, the Oregon initiated a limited plan of the Medicaid for low-income adults. Through the lottery, approximately 30,000 beneficiaries had the opportunity to apply for Medicaid and enrolled if they met the requirements (Baicker et al. 1715). However, irrespective of efforts to invest in Medicaid coverage there were no significant improvements in the measured physical health outcomes in recent years of luncheon. The study justifies Krauthammer’s claims that Medicaid is ineffective in improving contact between patients and doctors. Baicker, Katherine., Taubman, Sarah., Allen, Heidi., Bernstein, Mira., Gruber, Jonathan., Newhouse, Joseph., Schneider, Eric., Wright, Bill., Zaslavsky, Alan and Finkelstein, Amy. "The Oregon experiment—effects of Medicaid on clinical outcomes." New England Journal of Medicine 368.18 (2013): 1713-1722. Guallar, Eliseo., Stranges, Saverio., Mulrow, Cynthia., Appel, Lawrence and Miller, Edgar. "Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money On Vitamin And Mineral Supplements." Annals of Internal Medicine 159.12 (2013): 850-851. Krauthammer, Charles. â€Å"The Health-care

Advent Of The Printing Press

Advent Of The Printing Press The printing revolution and advent of the printing press is an event against which there is no other even approaching in importance in the history of mankind. Nowadays, even in the electronic age, it is hard to imagine a world without the printed word. However what the printing revolution and classic cases of revolution, such as Russia (1917) and France (1789), have in common is not as clear cut as the scale of its impact. This essay will seek to evaluate the revolutionary qualities of the printing revolution in the context of the Reformation and the rise of modern science. It will begin with a brief introduction to the features of the printing revolution. Following this will be a discussion based around the extant literature on the word revolution from which an adequate set of criteria will be derived. These criteria will subsequently be used as the benchmark against which the revolutionary characteristics of the printing revolution will be measured using the evidence presented. By taking a retrospective look at two major events in the aftermath of the printing revolution I hope to be able to determine the viability of calling the printing revolution a revolution with a degree of certainty. Subsequently I will consider the impact the printing revolution had on other revolutions, and whether it was a pre-requisite for revolutions in the future. The paper will close with an assessment of which of the features of revolution apply most to the printing revolution, followed by a brief discussion of criticisms of the concept as proposed by Eisenstein. The late fifteenth century in Europe saw a dramatic shift in the way texts were reproduced. Before the invention of the printing press there was a reliance on handwritten manuscript reproduction, a slow and incredibly time-consuming process. Man (2002) provides some idea of the times involved when he states that one 1,272 page document took two scribes five years to copy.  [2]  Like any human, a scribe was also susceptible to error and because texts were copied this meant that an errors were copied again and again. Gutenbergs invention of the printing press around 1440 would mark a turning point in the history of human civilisation. Although printing had existed before with wood-blocks, it was the ability to edit and correct a text in every copy which made Gutenbergs invention so important.  [3]  He also made it possible for a large number of uniform copies to be produced. The spread of this technology from Mainz to all corners of the continent came quickly and was motivated by profit, as rather than any attempt to spread culture widely. Printing presses were established in quick succession in Cologne (1464), Basel (1466), Rome (1467), Venice (1469), London (1480) and Stockholm (1483), the centres of international trade at the time.  [4]  Gutenberg laid the foundations of modern publicity..which is dependent on the identical mass-production of free combinable letter-units in almost infinite variety of composition.  [5]  The importance of his invention to human civilisation is unquestionable and it has had one of the longest lasting legacies of any. What remains up for debate, however, are the revolutionary qualities of the printing revolution. Any discussion of how revolutionary an event was requires a suitable definition of the word revolution. Constructing a definition is, however, a difficult task as the number of attempts at doing so shows; there is little consensus as to what revolution actually means. Despite this lack of agreement certain words are predominant in definitions, such as violent, brief and success.  [6]  A thorough debate over differing definitions is out of the scope of this essay, although a brief mention of some ideas is important to shape an answer to the question. Eisenstein highlights the issues around the use of the word revolution in the context of printing, and argues that there are actually two different uses of the word as an overarching concept. The first of these is what is broadly what will be discussed in this essay and what most historians use the term for; that is, a significant break from a long-standing condition. The second is a prolonged, irreversible, cumulative process with ef fects that become ever more pronounced the longer it goes on.  [7]  She cites the Industrial Revolution as an example of this more drawn-out sense of revolution. Both the conventional and the secondary definitions have their criteria fulfilled with the printing revolution. In the first instance, the speed of the change shows the revolutionary nature of the printing revolution. It wasnt so much that a new innovative machine was conceived in Mainz that is important; it is that it began to be used in so many places in a short space of time. By the 1490s each of the major states had one important publishing centre and some had several notes Hay. Correspondingly, Man says that by 1480, 122 towns in Western Europe had printing presses.  [8]  The speed and breadth of the spread of the technology, and specifically the replacement of hand-copying with printing as the chief mode of book reproduction, is enough for Eisenstein to consider the printing revolution a revolution in the sens e of the word that most historians use. The justification for the printing revolution being typical of the second use of the word is based on its longevity. The output of 500 years of printing along with millennia of hand-writing, and the expansion of knowledge, show the irreversibility and length of the process. Indeed, it is a process which has not yet reached an end. This raises another important point; can it be a revolution if the process has an unquantifiable end? It is safe to assume that the majority of people, when asked to define revolution, would include a notion of violence. Images of mass beheadings in France and street battles in Russia no doubt contribute to this. Friedrich (1966) defines revolution as the sudden and violent overthrow of an established political order.  [9]  This applies neatly to the classic cases but not so to the printing revolution, where the affected party was not a political entity but writing by hand. Similarly, although more extreme, Arendt (1965) states that war and revolution are related, going so far as to say revolutionsare not even conceivable outside the domain of violence.  [10]  Both these definitions and the use of the word violence are insufficient in trying to explain a non-political, technological revolution. Preferable would be to take the idea of violence and use the implicit idea of destruction,  [11]  such as the definition proposed by Trimberger (1978) where a takeover destroys the economic and political power of the dominant social group of the old regime. This also shows that a revolution has an element of replacement; a revolution is not just seeking to overthrow and destroy what is already there, it also substitutes old for new. The speed and depth of change caused by a revolution is also a recurring theme in definitions. Neumann (1949) defines revolution as a sweeping, fundamental changeindicating a major break in the continuity of development.  [12]  He also makes a significant distinction between revolution and evolution, where the former is such a radical separation and the latter is a persistent transformation within the existing institutional framework; the parallels with Eisenstein are clear. Revolutions can be seen as only accelerating and crystallising the evolutionary process. Similarly, Johari (1987) sees revolution as essentially meaning a sudden, fundamental and major transformation. Kroeber (1996) defines revolution as all demands, suggestions and attempts at radical change.  [13]  Once the revolutionary processes have begun parts of culture and society and different relationships between people may be fashioned anew. Revolutions signify drastic and fundamental change. The use of the wo rd radical also implies an element of speed to events. It is this velocity of change which separates revolution from other ideas of change such as reform and revolt.  [14]   The final overriding feature of definitions of revolution is that the process must be successful, and this success is where a movement overturns a regime.  [15]  All the definitions considered above imply that the revolution does end with the goals of the movement attained. This fact is evident through the historiography of rebellions and revolution; it is not chance that has named the failed uprising in Ireland in 1798 the Irish Rebellion but the action in the thirteen British colonies of America the American Revolution. For the printing revolution to be considered successful it will have to remain an established and useful medium of communication. The definition I will use in this essay will be a blend of the previously proposed definitions that have been discussed. Although most are designed to refer to political and social change they do have elements which can be transferred to non-political events. For the printing revolution to be called a revolution or revolutionary it must destroy and replace what was previously the norm, contain some sense of radical change and upheaval over a short space of time and prove useful and successful. These are the criteria against which the revolutionary properties of the printing revolution will be measured in the rest of this essay. The Reformation was one of the defining events of the early modern period in Europe. The role of the printing press is a hallmark of the process by which the old Catholic Church became ever more rejected and the Protestant Church was founded. Indeed it seems difficult to exaggerate the significance of the Press, without which a revolution of this magnitude could scarcely have been consummated.  [16]  A detailed enough discussion to do justice to the impact of the book on the Reformation is out of the scope of this essay; instead it will focus on Germany, the birthplace of the movement. The importance of the printing press for religious reform cannot be underestimated, as all of the attempts at reform prior to the invention and diffusion of the printing press were rather easily suppressed by the Church.  [17]  The most famous example of such attempts is that of Jan Hus in the early fifteenth century. After his martyrdom in 1415 a series of wars broke out and the Hussites formed a rival church in Bohemia, but their sphere of influence never really extended beyond this small area as they had no way to transport their ideas.  [18]  Away from the Continent in England there is a dissimilar story though. The Lollard movement had been avid readers and writers, and had sealed the relationship between heresy and books in the early fifteenth century before Gutenberg. Over 230 manuscripts of the Lollard Bible survive and evidence suggests large quantities of ephemera were also produced.  [19]  However, the ultimate failure of the movement suggests that this was not enough. Rubins argument that highly centralised institutions are able to easily suppress small revolts that are not able to spread due to a lack of information technology seems to be accurate. The printing press did destroy the use of manuscript in revolts as it was not able to be widely reproduced and distributed. The Reformation was the first movement to make full use of the printing press technology and it is no coincidence that it was the most successful of the period. The Reformation also saw a massive break from past ways of campaigns for change. For the first time in history a mass propaganda campaign could be carried out, and it was used to its full extent.  [20]  The Reformers saw how it made rapid dissemination of materials possible, and for this reason Luther saw the printing press as a gift from God who wanted to drive forward the cause of true religion to the ends of the earth and to make it available in all languages.  [21]  Luthers Theses against clerical abuses, which sparked the Reformation, had been seen in every part of Germany within 15 days of him posting them to the chapel door in Wittenberg.  [22]  The ability to spread information and ideas quickly was crucial to the Reformation. Once Luther had nailed his Theses to the door by a stroke of magic he found himself addressing the whole world and as such the start of the Protestant Revolt can be directly attributed to this act.  [23]  The speed at which pamphlets by Luther could be printed and sold was phenomenal; four thousand copies of An den Christlichen Adel deutscher Nation von des Christlichen Standes Besserung were sold in 5 days, and in total there were seventeen different editions of the work.  [24]  Similarly the pamphlet Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen underwent 18 editions in a single year.  [25]  The course of distribution of literature shows the revolutionary qualities of the printing revolution. Whereas previously the dissemination of new ideas would have been through word of mouth or by copying, the use of the printing press meant that the same material and thoughts could be spread uniformly and quickly during the Reformation. The sheer speed and volume of materials and the way they were used signified a radical change from what had gone before. The Reformation was the first real example of the power of printing and was the first propaganda campaign conducted through the medium of the press.  [26]   The usefulness and successfulness of printing in the Reformation is clearly demonstrated by the vast amount of editions of writings published. Rubins empirical study of the spread of the Reformation and the importance of pamphlets to it shows that cities which produced pamphlets were more likely to be Protestant than Catholic throughout the sixteenth century, although the effect did diminish over time.  [27]  Despite the obvious success of the printing press described, Luther and his contemporaries held reservations about the number of books being published. Hauser invites us to consider what might have been if, for example, the printing press had have been around for the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century.  [28]  Such counterfactual, what if questions are interesting but would place too much emphasis on the role of printing. It would be going too far to say that the Reformation was the child of the printing revolution; this ridiculous thesis is indeed just that.  [29]à ‚  It was not books, publishers and propagandists who caused the Reformation. Religion had become more and more of an issue in the preceding years, and was now at the forefront of peoples minds. Luthers grievances were quickly echoed by both laymen and clerics, which according to Rubin indicates there were deep-rooted anti-Papal sentiments before Luther.  [30]  Printing was simply the medium of exchange through which people learnt about these new ideas, it was not the new idea in itself. There is no question that the Reformation would not have had the success it did without the ability to disseminate information quickly and widely. Having considered the three key elements of a revolution discussed previously, it is clear that in the context of the Reformation the printing revolution can be justifiably called as such. The use of printing presses to create and widely distribute material marked a radical break from the previous ways to spread ideas. Both the speed and volume of production of books and pamphlets were on a scale unlike anything seen before and would certainly have been impossible without mechanised printing. The printing revolution and its impact upon the Reformation show its success; there is little doubt that without it the Reformation would have taken a different course. However, as Postman points out, it is questionable as to whether the Catholic Church would have fallen had the printing press been used exclusively for the reproduction of pictures, as is conceivable.  [31]  It was the use of the printed word which was the crucial factor in the Reformation, not simply the invention of the pri nting press itself. The Scientific Revolution changed the way humanity saw and studied the world around it forever. Until the early modern period scientific observers, for they were only that, simply read doctrine which had been published previously and took that as truth. The Renaissance changed this and more people began to ask scientific questions, and the use of printing served to galvanise the scientific community. It was in this time that the three cornerstones of classical intellect, Ptolemaic astronomy, Galenic anatomy and Aristotelian physics, met their downfall and were replaced by the science of Copernicus and Newton. The advent of printing allowed for faster copying of works compared to manuscript, of that there is no question. However it was not simply a case of one replacing the other; a lot of works remained in manuscript form for a large amount of time once printing technology had been developed. Mathematical works frequently were released in print yet the Triparty by Nicolas Chuquet, the most original work on algebra and arithmetic from the latter half of the 15th century, remained in manuscript.  [32]  Similary, De triangulis by Regiomontanus was not printed until 1533, nearly 60 years after his death.  [33]  The printing revolution did not have as great an impact on the production of manuscripts as might be thought. Given this, the printing revolution may not have been as revolutionary in science as the Reformation. Although there were a lot of works published in print it did not totally take the place of manuscript and as such cannot be considered truly revolutionary event. The printing revolution created a huge contrast between the medieval and early modern periods. A noteworthy example of this is raised by Eisenstein in the development of astronomy around the time of Copernicus. As a young student in the 1480s Copernicus would have struggled to get a single copy of Ptolemys Almagest, which at the time was the authoritative work on the cosmos. By the time he died in 1543 three different editions were available.  [34]  In a similar vein, in 1499 Aldus published a collection of the works of the ancient astronomers in five folios in Latin and Greek.  [35]  Publication of classical works made them accessible to a lot more students and scholars than previously. In turn, this meant that they could be analysed, scrutinised and updated. The same is true of journals and new discoveries; it was because of the printing press that the idea of peer review and experiment duplication became familiar. The spread of knowledge went beyond just books and journals , however. The invention of the telescope also shows the impact that printing had. Although the object was invented in the Netherlands with a patent granted in October 1608, Galileo in Italy had heard of it by November of the same year.  [36]  News of it was also widespread in other parts of the continent.  [37]  The publication of a French newsletter, The Embassy of the King of Siam Sent to His Excellency Maurice of Nassau, in the same month detailing the invention meant that the news was able to travel uniformly and quickly to other intellectuals in Germany, France and Italy. The next year telescopes were on sale in Paris.  [38]  The spread of knowledge, both academic and practical, shows the revolutionary qualities of the printing press. The success of the printing press in the context of the Scientific Revolution is clear. The ability to spread ideas and information widely and quickly allowed for an acceleration of scientific discovery and progress unlike anything that had been seen before. A study of Copernicuss De revolutionibus proves this point.  [39]  It is shown that a first edition in 1543 consisted of around 450 copies with a similar run in 1566, and that it got into the hands of the majority of astronomy professors in the sixteenth century, as well as into major libraries.  [40]  More interestingly, there are people from all walks of life who owned a copy; an architect, a musical theoretician and a financier are mentioned. Whereas previously the domain of science was amongst academics, now people had freer access to materials from which they could study. The acceleration of scientific discovery after the invention of the printing press also shows the success of printing. According to Ferguson, 38% o f the worlds most important scientific breakthroughs occurred between the Reformation and the French Revolution, including the heliocentric model of the Solar System and Galileos tests on gravity.  [41]  Scientific knowledge was spreading faster than it ever had, and a community of intellectual peers developed. The breadth and depth of distribution and development of knowledge would not have been possible without the printing press. However, in terms of what we nowadays called science, the printing revolution had only a limited amount of success. Although the printing press allowed books to be accessible to wider areas of the public, most people remained interested in softer subjects. This stimulated the development of a mass market for summaries, medical remedies, prognostications and astrological tables written in the vernacular.  [42]  There is no question that the printing press increased the volume of works being published. What is problematic is that the majority of works were of no lasting scientific interest.  [43]  The effect this had was to dilute the amount of quality material available and keep what we would call scientific and what was then considered scientific the same. The printing revolution was successful in that it made the dissemination of scientific information more widespread but the practises of the booksellers stunted this success. Their primary goal was to make money, and would p ublish what would sell; some have even gone as far as to say the printing revolution a negative role in the Scientific Revolution as the printing of outdated, medieval texts which sold may have delayed the acceptance of new ideas such as Copernicus.  [44]  By making conventional authoritative works widely available printingcould even have said to have represented an obstacle to the acceptance of new ideas.  [45]  Rather than progressing knowledge it popularised long cherished beliefs, strengthened prejudices and gave authority to seductive fallacies.  [46]  The main point remains though, that there was an increase in the volume of works published. Not only was the printing revolution revolutionary in its own right, the printed word became a vital part of revolutions throughout history. The French Revolution of 1789 is widely accepted as one of the classic cases of revolution and makes for a good example of the influence of print on revolutionary movements. Darnton argues that the printing press was crucial at every stage of the process, and without it the widespread restructuring of French life could not have not taken place. Without the press, they can conquer the Bastille but they cannot overthrow the Old Regime he says, and this is the key point.  [47]  The battle to change the minds of an entire nation could not be won without the spreading of books, almanacs, posters and anything else that would carry an impression. The same is also true of the non-classical cases of revolution, such as the Russian Revolution of 1905. In a similar vein to Darnton, Ruud argues that without the communications infrastructurein place in 1 905, the millions of copies of revolutionary books, periodicals, brochures and proclamations could never had made so compelling a political statement to the government.  [48]  The Russian example also shows the fear that incumbent regimes have of the power of print. The government continued to deploy censorship into the 20th century and in the same year as the uprising decided against reform of censorship.  [49]  Furthermore, it shows consciousness as to the power of print. Alexander Herzen, writing in 1861, formulated a new idea as to how to use print in a revolution; make the organisation produce a regular publication and make it central to the way they operate.  [50]  Lenin also realised the importance of the distribution of party publications as ideal for local agitation in What Is To Be Done?, his seminal 1902 pamphlet. Print allowed the spread of new and avant-garde ideas quickly and to a wide audience. That is not to say that revolutions happened because of printi ng; it is to say that printing sped up both the path to revolution and the revolution itself. The printing press did not create the underlying issues but it did create consciousness and awareness of these issues amongst a wider group than would otherwise have been possible. In the classical sense of the word, the printing revolution was not revolutionary. Neumann notes that the meaning of the word revolution has changed.  [51]  Whereas in the 19th century it almost exclusively applied to political change, it has become far more wide-reaching as an adjective. Nowadays it is transferable and applicable to other fields of study with an appropriate qualifying adjective such as industrial, managerial, colonial, cultural, scientific, technological etc.  [52]  Johari concludes his discussion of the nature of revolution by saying that a revolution seldom fulfils definitions of the word completely so it is not alone in that respect.  [53]  However given the criteria proposed in this paper, it is clear that the printing revolution does have revolutionary aspects. In the context of both the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution it has been shown that the printing revolution was indeed revolutionary. The printing press changed the way that religious reforms and movements happened in that although there were already manuscripts being produced, as shown by the Lollards, it was the ease of production and distribution which made the difference. The Reformation was the first event to make full employment of the propaganda potential of the printing press, and the spreading of Luthers Theses in such a short space of time across such a large area undoubtedly played a large part in the ultimate success of the movement. This also underlines the succes

Malaysians Are Like the Rainbow

Malaysians Are Like The Rainbow * Social Science Essays  (16,747)  Ã¢â‚¬ º * Current Issues  (676) †¦ Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and  Putrajaya; a modern city. All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians†¦ Malaysians are like the rainbow. Seven different colours streaking across the sky. Captivating and pleasant to the eyes. Reminiscent of the bridge that connects both sides of the world. The rainbow reflects upon our country, Malaysia. By looking at the big picture, it is a nation consisting of colourful people and religion.I believe in the true spirit of ‘Malaysia Boleh' and it is not just any MAD hollering in the stadium. It is who we are, Malaysians. Malaysians are undoubtedly capable of achieving their dreams and hopes. Look at what Malaysians have accomplished so far since â€Å"Merdeka†, what we also know as independence or the day this country obtained freedom from foreign powers. For forty fiv e years, Malaysians have recorded many incredible feats along the way. To name a few would be easy, such as the Petronas Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and Putrajaya; a modern city.All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians. What others are capable of, we can do it too. That is what ‘boleh' all about. Moreover, it means that as a Malaysian, you have to play your role in bringing this country a head above the rest. In my opinion, that is what being a Malaysian means. The greatest gift which all Malaysians are blessed with; which most of us do not realize, is that our country is one of the most peaceful places on earth. I am really thankful that I was born a Malaysian.Not in any other country like Afghanistan or being born an ‘untouchable'; the lowest caste in India. I am the most privileged person on earth. I am living in a country that is united, advanced and harmonious. Isn't that great? I feel lucky even till today, as I am†¦ Putrajaya  is a  planned city, located 25km south of  Kuala Lumpur, that serves as the federal administrative centre of  Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur areas.Nevertheless,  Kuala Lumpur  remains Malaysia's national capital, being the seat of the  King  and  Parliament, as well as the country's commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya was the brainchild of former Prime Minister  Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. In 2001, Putrajaya became Malaysia's third  Federal Territory  after Kuala Lumpur and  Labuan. Named after the first  Malaysian Prime Minister,  Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is situated within the  Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed  Cyberjaya.In  Malay/Sanskrit, the words â€Å"putra† or â€Å"putera† means â€Å"prince† or â€Å"male child† (â€Å"girl child† is called â€Å"Putri† in  Sanskrit), and â€Å"jaya† means â€Å"success† or â€Å"victory†. The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger. Putrajaya, which was originally  Prang Besar   , was opened in 1918 as Air Hitam by the British. Its original land space was 800 acres (3. 2  km2), which was later expanded to 8,000 acres (32  km2). Prang Besar later expanded and merged with its surrounding estates such as Estet Raja Alang, Estet Galloway and Estet Bukit Prang.The vision to have a new Federal Government Administrative Centre to replace Kuala Lumpur as the administrative capital emerged in the late 1980s, during the tenure of Malaysia's 4th Prime Minister,  Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad. The new city was proposed to be located between Kuala Lumpur and the new  KL International Airport (KLIA). The Federal government negotiated with the state of Selan gor on the prospect of another Federal Territory and in the mid-1990s, the Federal government paid a substantial amount of money to Selangor for approximately 11,320 acres (45.   km2) of land in Prang Besar, Selangor. As a result of this land purchase, the state of Selangor now completely surrounds two Federal Territories within its borders, namely Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Planned as a garden and  intelligent city, 38% of the area is reserved for green spaces by emphasising the enhancement of natural landscape. A network of open spaces and wide boulevards were incorporated to the plan. Construction began in August 1995 and it was Malaysia's biggest project and one of Southeast Asia's largest with estimated final cost of US$ 8. billion. The entire project was designed and constructed by Malaysian companies with only 10% of the materials imported. The  Asian Financial Crisis  of 1997/1998 had somewhat slowed the development of Putrajaya. In 1999, 300 staff members of the Pr ime Minister's office moved to Putrajaya and the remaining government servants moved in 2005. On 1 February 2001 Tun Dr. Mahathir declared Putrajaya as a Federal Territory with the ceremony of handing over Putrajaya township from the Selangor state authorities.In 2002, a  high speed rail  link called  KLIA Transit  was opened, linking Putrajaya to both Kuala Lumpur and KL International Airport in  Sepang. However, construction of thePutrajaya Monorail  which was intended to be the city's metro system, was suspended due to costs. One of the monorail suspension bridges in Putrajaya remains unused. In 2007, the population of Putrajaya was estimated to be over 30,000, which comprised mainly government servants. ————————————————- Putra Square From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from  Putrajaya Independence Square) This article  does not  cite   any  references or sources. Please help  improve this article  by  adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and  removed. (December 2009)| The  Putra Square  (Malay:  Dataran Putra) is a  city square  located opposite the Prime Minister's office complex,  Perdana Putra, in  Putrajaya,  Malaysia. The square has been used for festivals such as the Malaysian Independence Day parade. The 300 meter circular Putra Square is bounded by Perdana Putra,  Putra Mosque, Putra Bridge and the Promenade Shopping Mall. ———————————————— [edit]Design Designed as two concentric plazas surrounded by Putra Perdana Park, the circular ceremonial area is an open hard landscape encircled by  Charbaghs, which acts as a transition between the parks and the ceremonial area. Inside the Charbagh is an interplay of paths, water channels, fl ower beds and trees. The Square is divided into 11 segments, in the pattern of an 11-pointed star. The outer 11-pointed star represents the 11 states f  Malaya  when the country gained independence in August 1957, the inner 13-pointed star represents the 13  statesof Malaysia and the 14-pointed star includes the new addition of the  Federal Territory. The progressive arrangements of the different pointed stars finally culminate in a circle at the centre of the Square. The circle symbolises the ultimate goal of unity. ————————————————- [edit]See also ————————————————- Putrajaya Lake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Putrajaya Lake| | Location| Putrajaya|Lake type| artificial lake| Basin  countries| Malaysia| | | Putrajaya Lake  is located at the ce ntre of  Putrajaya  city,  Malaysia. This 650ha man-made lake is designed to act as a natural cooling system for the city and also for recreation, fishing, water sports and water  transport. On September 26, 2004 the  F1  Powerboat  Championship was held on this lake for the first time (third time hosted by  Malaysia). In 2005 Putrajaya hosted the Asian  Canoeing  Championships. ————————————————- Transport From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia â€Å"Transportation† redirects here.For other uses, see  Transport (disambiguation)  and  Transportation (disambiguation). People walking in front of the  bulk carrierBW  Fjord French  National Police  use several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages Part of a series on| Transport| Modes| * Animal-powered   * Aviation   * Cable * Human-powered   * Pipeline   * Railà ‚   * Road   * Ship * Space| Topics| * History   * Timeline  Ã‚   * Outline| Transport portal| * v   * t   * e| Transport  or  transportation  is the movement of people, animals and  goods  from one location to another.Modes of transport  include  air,rail,  road,  water,  cable,  pipeline, and  space. The field can be divided into  infrastructure,  vehicles, and  operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be  roads,  railways,  airways,  waterways,canals  and  pipelines, and terminals such as  airports,  railway stations,  bus stations,  warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and  fuel stations), and  seaports.Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on th ese networks may include  automobiles,  bicycles,  buses,  trains,  trucks,  people,  helicopters, and  aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be  public, where operators provide scheduled services, or  private. Freight transport has become focused oncontainerization, although  bulk transport  is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause  air pollution  and  use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain  urban sprawl. Malaysians Are Like the Rainbow Malaysians Are Like The Rainbow * Social Science Essays  (16,747)  Ã¢â‚¬ º * Current Issues  (676) †¦ Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and  Putrajaya; a modern city. All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians†¦ Malaysians are like the rainbow. Seven different colours streaking across the sky. Captivating and pleasant to the eyes. Reminiscent of the bridge that connects both sides of the world. The rainbow reflects upon our country, Malaysia. By looking at the big picture, it is a nation consisting of colourful people and religion.I believe in the true spirit of ‘Malaysia Boleh' and it is not just any MAD hollering in the stadium. It is who we are, Malaysians. Malaysians are undoubtedly capable of achieving their dreams and hopes. Look at what Malaysians have accomplished so far since â€Å"Merdeka†, what we also know as independence or the day this country obtained freedom from foreign powers. For forty fiv e years, Malaysians have recorded many incredible feats along the way. To name a few would be easy, such as the Petronas Twin Towers; tallest in the world, an emblem of Malaysian pride and Putrajaya; a modern city.All these have proven the competitive spirit of Malaysians. What others are capable of, we can do it too. That is what ‘boleh' all about. Moreover, it means that as a Malaysian, you have to play your role in bringing this country a head above the rest. In my opinion, that is what being a Malaysian means. The greatest gift which all Malaysians are blessed with; which most of us do not realize, is that our country is one of the most peaceful places on earth. I am really thankful that I was born a Malaysian.Not in any other country like Afghanistan or being born an ‘untouchable'; the lowest caste in India. I am the most privileged person on earth. I am living in a country that is united, advanced and harmonious. Isn't that great? I feel lucky even till today, as I am†¦ Putrajaya  is a  planned city, located 25km south of  Kuala Lumpur, that serves as the federal administrative centre of  Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur areas.Nevertheless,  Kuala Lumpur  remains Malaysia's national capital, being the seat of the  King  and  Parliament, as well as the country's commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya was the brainchild of former Prime Minister  Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. In 2001, Putrajaya became Malaysia's third  Federal Territory  after Kuala Lumpur and  Labuan. Named after the first  Malaysian Prime Minister,  Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is situated within the  Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed  Cyberjaya.In  Malay/Sanskrit, the words â€Å"putra† or â€Å"putera† means â€Å"prince† or â€Å"male child† (â€Å"girl child† is called â€Å"Putri† in  Sanskrit), and â€Å"jaya† means â€Å"success† or â€Å"victory†. The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger. Putrajaya, which was originally  Prang Besar   , was opened in 1918 as Air Hitam by the British. Its original land space was 800 acres (3. 2  km2), which was later expanded to 8,000 acres (32  km2). Prang Besar later expanded and merged with its surrounding estates such as Estet Raja Alang, Estet Galloway and Estet Bukit Prang.The vision to have a new Federal Government Administrative Centre to replace Kuala Lumpur as the administrative capital emerged in the late 1980s, during the tenure of Malaysia's 4th Prime Minister,  Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad. The new city was proposed to be located between Kuala Lumpur and the new  KL International Airport (KLIA). The Federal government negotiated with the state of Selan gor on the prospect of another Federal Territory and in the mid-1990s, the Federal government paid a substantial amount of money to Selangor for approximately 11,320 acres (45.   km2) of land in Prang Besar, Selangor. As a result of this land purchase, the state of Selangor now completely surrounds two Federal Territories within its borders, namely Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Planned as a garden and  intelligent city, 38% of the area is reserved for green spaces by emphasising the enhancement of natural landscape. A network of open spaces and wide boulevards were incorporated to the plan. Construction began in August 1995 and it was Malaysia's biggest project and one of Southeast Asia's largest with estimated final cost of US$ 8. billion. The entire project was designed and constructed by Malaysian companies with only 10% of the materials imported. The  Asian Financial Crisis  of 1997/1998 had somewhat slowed the development of Putrajaya. In 1999, 300 staff members of the Pr ime Minister's office moved to Putrajaya and the remaining government servants moved in 2005. On 1 February 2001 Tun Dr. Mahathir declared Putrajaya as a Federal Territory with the ceremony of handing over Putrajaya township from the Selangor state authorities.In 2002, a  high speed rail  link called  KLIA Transit  was opened, linking Putrajaya to both Kuala Lumpur and KL International Airport in  Sepang. However, construction of thePutrajaya Monorail  which was intended to be the city's metro system, was suspended due to costs. One of the monorail suspension bridges in Putrajaya remains unused. In 2007, the population of Putrajaya was estimated to be over 30,000, which comprised mainly government servants. ————————————————- Putra Square From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from  Putrajaya Independence Square) This article  does not  cite   any  references or sources. Please help  improve this article  by  adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and  removed. (December 2009)| The  Putra Square  (Malay:  Dataran Putra) is a  city square  located opposite the Prime Minister's office complex,  Perdana Putra, in  Putrajaya,  Malaysia. The square has been used for festivals such as the Malaysian Independence Day parade. The 300 meter circular Putra Square is bounded by Perdana Putra,  Putra Mosque, Putra Bridge and the Promenade Shopping Mall. ———————————————— [edit]Design Designed as two concentric plazas surrounded by Putra Perdana Park, the circular ceremonial area is an open hard landscape encircled by  Charbaghs, which acts as a transition between the parks and the ceremonial area. Inside the Charbagh is an interplay of paths, water channels, fl ower beds and trees. The Square is divided into 11 segments, in the pattern of an 11-pointed star. The outer 11-pointed star represents the 11 states f  Malaya  when the country gained independence in August 1957, the inner 13-pointed star represents the 13  statesof Malaysia and the 14-pointed star includes the new addition of the  Federal Territory. The progressive arrangements of the different pointed stars finally culminate in a circle at the centre of the Square. The circle symbolises the ultimate goal of unity. ————————————————- [edit]See also ————————————————- Putrajaya Lake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Putrajaya Lake| | Location| Putrajaya|Lake type| artificial lake| Basin  countries| Malaysia| | | Putrajaya Lake  is located at the ce ntre of  Putrajaya  city,  Malaysia. This 650ha man-made lake is designed to act as a natural cooling system for the city and also for recreation, fishing, water sports and water  transport. On September 26, 2004 the  F1  Powerboat  Championship was held on this lake for the first time (third time hosted by  Malaysia). In 2005 Putrajaya hosted the Asian  Canoeing  Championships. ————————————————- Transport From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia â€Å"Transportation† redirects here.For other uses, see  Transport (disambiguation)  and  Transportation (disambiguation). People walking in front of the  bulk carrierBW  Fjord French  National Police  use several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages Part of a series on| Transport| Modes| * Animal-powered   * Aviation   * Cable * Human-powered   * Pipeline   * Railà ‚   * Road   * Ship * Space| Topics| * History   * Timeline  Ã‚   * Outline| Transport portal| * v   * t   * e| Transport  or  transportation  is the movement of people, animals and  goods  from one location to another.Modes of transport  include  air,rail,  road,  water,  cable,  pipeline, and  space. The field can be divided into  infrastructure,  vehicles, and  operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be  roads,  railways,  airways,  waterways,canals  and  pipelines, and terminals such as  airports,  railway stations,  bus stations,  warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and  fuel stations), and  seaports.Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on th ese networks may include  automobiles,  bicycles,  buses,  trains,  trucks,  people,  helicopters, and  aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be  public, where operators provide scheduled services, or  private. Freight transport has become focused oncontainerization, although  bulk transport  is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause  air pollution  and  use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain  urban sprawl.

The Allegory of the Cave

The Allegory of the Cave How does Plato’s allegory represents the activity of philosophy? 9/23/2010 HZT4Ua Diana MS. The Allegory of the Cave The Allegory of the Cave is a metaphor that can be seen to describe many aspects and situations in life that one had no control or choice over. The reason Plato uses many metaphors in his allegory is to think or ‘philosophize’ about the world around us because in fact our understanding of the world is very limited.This is due to the fact that we live in a world of shadows and not reality to whom very little is actually known about by everyone. The metaphors are seen to actually represent a society with all its people, truths, hidden meanings, problems, solutions etc†¦ The meanings transferred in the allegory of the cave apply to philosophy because it shows the philosophers position in society. It gives the philosopher the opportunity to philosophize/think about what exists/reality and what does not exist in our surround ing environment.To society, the allegory of the cave contemplates many issues related to man in his society. Such issues include human’s ability to be ignorant or knowledgeable, free or imprisoned, stubborn, lazy, active, etc†¦ by choosing either to or not to search for answers to many of the issues that arise continuously. Moreover, The Allegory of the Cave is about ignorance and learning because the men in the cave are ignorant or unaware of the outside world that exists except for the shadows that they saw passing by on the walls.The man who is freed engages in the process of learning from the moment he is released from the cave and is forced to adapt to the new conditions and situations that now surround him. In addition, the chains are used to symbolize the limited amount of information that a person has about reality. For whatever reason, this limited amount of information can be considered to be a type of ignorance.Last but not least, as humans in this world, many of us are really ignorant about many important issues that surround us in or everyday lives. We are unfamiliar of many things in life and are either unaware of it or simply choose not to bother with it. The world that many of us choose to live in is in fact very different from reality itself. However, many of us choose to live in such ignorance or denial when it comes to certain issues and this is due to many factors.

An Overview of Non-Mendelian Genetics